9/20/2023 0 Comments Charge syndrome usmle![]() ![]() The major calyces merge to form the renal pelvis, which represents the proximal portion of the ureter.The minor calyces draining from each renal papilla merge to form major calyces.The inner portion of the kidney containing the renal calyces and renal pelvis.Causes medullary vulnerability to hypoxia when renal blood flow is decreased (renal ischemia).Facilitates the development of an osmolality gradient that allows for effective urine concentration.Blood flow in the renal medulla is relatively low compared to that in the renal cortex.Contains the loops of Henle and collecting ducts, which merge to form the papillary ducts at the renal papillae.The base of each pyramid faces the outer cortex, the apex faces the renal sinus and forms a renal papilla, which drains into a minor calyx.Consists of several renal medullary pyramids separated by the renal columns.Contains the glomeruli, proximal convoluted tubules, distal convoluted tubules, and cortical collecting ducts.Surrounds the renal medulla and extends inwards (as renal columns) dividing the medulla into renal pyramids.The outermost layer of the renal parenchyma ( ∼ 10 mm thick).Both kidneys: diaphragm, psoas major, quadratus lumborum, the subcostal, iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve.Right kidney: right lobe of the liver, descending duodenum, hepatic flexure.Left kidney: spleen, stomach, pancreas, splenic flexure, jejunum.Located at the superior pole: adrenal gland (within the perirenal fat ).Dimensions: 10–12 cm in length, 4–6 cm in width, and 3–4 cm in anteroposterior dimension.Each kidney weighs approximately 140–180 g.Reddish-brown, bean-shaped, paired retroperitoneal organs lying on either side of the vertebral column at the level of T12–元.The kidneys originate embryologically from the mesoderm. In the renal tubule, urine is formed from the filtrate via reabsorption, secretion, and excretion of substances. The filtrate passes through the renal tubule, which is divided into the proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, the distal convoluted tubule, and the collecting duct. The GFB, which is composed of the fenestrated glomerular capillary endothelium, the glomerular basement membrane, and the podocyte layer, is responsible for filtering blood plasma. The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus and the Bowman capsule, which are separated by the glomerular filtration barrier ( GFB). The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, and it is composed of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. Anatomically, the kidneys are composed of the renal capsule, renal cortex, renal medulla, renal sinus, and renal hilum. The kidneys receive sympathetic innervation via the sympathetic trunk and parasympathetic innervation via the vagus nerve. The left renal vein passes between the abdominal aorta and the superior mesenteric artery. The lymphatics drain into the paraaortic lymph nodes. The kidneys receive their blood supply from the paired renal arteries and drain into the paired renal veins. They play an important role in the excretion of waste products, the regulation of extracellular fluid volume and osmolality, the maintenance of acid-base balance, hormone synthesis (e.g., erythropoietin), and gluconeogenesis. Accessed: February 16, 2017.The kidneys are paired retroperitoneal organs located on either side of the vertebral column extending between the 12 th thoracic and the 3 rd lumbar vertebral levels. Topical mitomycin as an adjunct to choanal atresia repair. Prasad M, Ward RF, April MM, Bent JP, Froehlich P.Choanal Atresia and Other Neonatal Nasal Anomalies. Chaudhry S, Kochhar L, Galagali J, Kumar NA.
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